Ukukhetha ai-parallel twin screw barrelehambisana nezidingo ze-extrusion iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu ekukhiqizeni. Imikhiqizo ehamba phambili ngo-2025, efana ne-Coperion kanye ne-KraussMaffei, iqhuba ukusungulwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziguqukayo.
- Imakethe yokukhiqiza ehlakaniphile, okuhlanganisa nobuchwepheshe bokufa obuthuthukisiwe, iyakhulaI-CAGR engu-11.7%..
- Izinto ezisimeme manje zibhekana nama-85% okukhishwa komjikelezo wempilo.
Imiphongolo yesikulufu e-Conical ne-parallel, kubalulekile ekucubunguleni okusebenzayo, qondanisa nalezi ntuthuko. Ukunemba kwazo kunciphisa udoti futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kuzenze zibe yisisekelo seama-twin screw amahle nemiphongolo yepulasitiki.
Abakhiqizi Abaphezulu Nabahlinzeki Bemiphongolo Yezikulufu Eziyiwele Ezifanayo
Imboni ye-extrusion yomhlaba wonke incike kubakhiqizi abasungula ukuthi balethe ikhwalithi ephezuluparallel twin screw imiphongolo. Lezi zinkampani zihola imakethe ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, ubunjiniyela obunembayo, nokuzibophezela ekwanelisekeni kwamakhasimende. Ngezansi ukubuka kabanzi kwabakhiqizi abaphezulu kanye neminikelo yabo embonini.
I-Copeion
I-Copeion izenze iphayonaembonini ye-extrusion. Le nkampani igxile kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni eduze, ama-twin-screw extruder ajikelezayo, ayingxenye yokusebenza kwemiphongolo yesikulufu yamawele amabili.
- Amasistimu wokuhlanganisa angaphezu kuka-15,000 afakwe emhlabeni wonke agqamisa ukuba khona kwemakethe okukhulu kwe-Coperion.
- Kusukela ngawo-1950, inkampani ibilokhu ibeka amazinga amasha ekwakhiweni komshini nohlelo lokucubungula ubuchwepheshe.
- Izisombululo zayo ezintsha ziqinisekisa ukucubungula okusebenzayo, okuyenza ibe igama elethembekile embonini.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Coperion ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu buqinisekisa imiphumela enokwethenjelwa nengaguquguquki yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amapulasitiki nokucubungula ukudla.
Leistritz
ILeistritz idume ngobuchwepheshe bayo be-extrusion obusezingeni eliphezulu. Inkampani igxile kuzikulufu ezizungezisayo kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemiphongolo yesikulufu esingamawele amabili.
Ibhrendi | Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe | Izinzuzo | Ububi |
---|---|---|---|
Leistritz | Izikulufu ezijikelezayo, Ukulawula izinga lokushisa | Ukuxuba okuthuthukisiwe, Amandla okukhiqiza aphezulu | Izindleko zokuqala zokutshala imali eziphakeme |
Ukuzibophezela kukaLeistritz ekusunguleni izinto kuqinisekisa umthamo ophezulu wokukhiqiza kanye nekhono eliphezulu lokuhlanganisa. Amasistimu ayo alungele izimboni ezidinga ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
KraussMaffei
I-KraussMaffei ihlanganisa ukuguquguquka nokunemba ezinhlelweni zayo ze-extrusion. Le nkampani inikeza kokubili imiklamo ejikelezayo kanye ne-counter-rotating, ehlinzeka ngezinhlelo eziningi ezahlukene.
Ibhrendi | Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe | Izinzuzo | Ububi |
---|---|---|---|
KraussMaffei | Imiklamo ejikelezayo futhi ephikisanayo | Amandla okuxuba aphezulu, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi | Idinga ukusebenza okunekhono nokunakekelwa |
Amasistimu e-KraussMaffei ahamba phambili ekuxubeni nasekuphatheni impahla, okuwenza abe yinketho ekhethwayo ezimbonini ezifana nepulasitiki namakhemikhali.
I-Zhejiang Zhongyang Screw Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
I-Zhejiang Zhongyang Screw Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ingumnikezeli ohamba phambili wama-parallel twin screw barrel e-Asia. Inkampani igxile ekuletheni imikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside nesezingeni eliphezulu ehambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende.
- Imiphongolo yayo yenzelwe ukuncibilika okufanayo, ukuxutshwa nokuhanjiswa kwezinto.
- Le nkampani isebenzela izimboni ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa ipulasitiki, irabha, kanye nokucubungula ukudla.
- Izinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ze-extrusion.
Ukuzibophezela kukaZhejiang Zhongyang kwikhwalithi nokuqanjwa okusha kuzuzele idumela eliqinile emakethe yomhlaba.
I-Shanghai Jurry Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd.
I-Shanghai Jurry Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd. igxile ekukhiqizeni imiphongolo yesikulufu yamawele amabili yokukhiqiza ipayipi le-PVC. Inkampani iklama imikhiqizo yayo ukuze iqinisekise ukucubungula okusebenzayo nokufana kwamakhompiyutha e-PVC.
- Izinto eziyisikulufa ezikhethekile kanye nejiyomethri yomgqomo ithuthukisa ukuphathwa kwempahla.
- Imikhiqizo yenkampani iletha imiphumela engaguquki, iqinisekisa amapayipi e-PVC ekhwalithi ephezulu.
- Ukugxila kwayo ekwanelisekeni kwamakhasimende kuqhuba intuthuko eqhubekayo ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Shanghai Jurry ekukhiqizeni amapayipi e-PVC buwenza umlingani othembekile kubakhiqizi abafuna izixazululo ezinokwethenjelwa ze-extrusion.
Izici Ezibalulekile Nezinzuzo Zemikhiqizo Ehamba phambili
Ukuqina kanye Nekhwalithi Yento
Abakhiqizi abaphezulu babeka phambili ukuqina kanye nekhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside. Basebenzisa izinto ezithuthukisiwe njengeama-bi-metal liners wokumelana nokugqokwa okuthuthukisiwekanye namasilinda ensimbi angu-45# wobuqotho besakhiwo. Insimbi ye-N00 nitriding ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala, kuyilapho izinto ze-H6 noma i-D11 zinikeza ukumelana nokugqokwa okukhethekile. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, insimbi ye-HSS-PM inikeza ukuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa.
Uhlobo Lwezinto | Incazelo |
---|---|
I-Bi-metal liner | Ithuthukisa ukuqina nokumelana nokugqoka |
45 # insimbi cylinder | Ihlinzeka ngobuqotho besakhiwo |
Insimbi engu-N00 nitriding | Ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala |
I-H6 noma i-D11 | Inikeza ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu |
HSS-PM | Insimbi ekhethekile yezimo ezimbi kakhulu |
Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imiphongolo yesikulufu yamawele ahambisanayo imelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinzima, igcina ukusebenza okungaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukunemba nokusebenza
Amabhrendi ahamba phambili ahlanganisa amasistimu okulawula athuthukile ukuze akhulise ukunemba nokusebenza. Lawa masistimu alawula amapharamitha abalulekile afana nezinga lokushisa, isivinini sesikulufu, nezinga lokuphakelayo. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezifanayo, kunciphisa ukumosha nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Leli zinga lokunemba lenza ama-parallel screw screw barrel abaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini ezidinga imiphumela engaguquki.
Izinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso
Abakhiqizi banikeza izinketho eziningi zokwenza ngokwezifiso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemboni ezihlukahlukene. Amakhasimende angakhetha imiklamo ethile yesikulufu, amajiyometri wemiphongolo, nokuqanjwa kokubalulekile okuklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zabo. Isibonelo, ukucushwa okukhethekile kweUkukhiqizwa kwepayipi le-PVCqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlanganisela ze-PVC. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi athuthukise izinqubo zawo ze-extrusion ukuze asebenze kahle kakhulu.
Ukusekela Ngemva Kokuthengisa Newaranti
Ukwesekwa okuthembekile kwangemuva kokuthengisa kanye neziqinisekiso eziphelele kubeka amabhrendi aphezulu ngokwehlukana. Abakhiqizi bahlinzeka ngosizo lobuchwepheshe, izinsizakalo zokunakekela, nezingxenye ezishintshayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki. Iziqinisekiso ezimboza ukukhubazeka kwempahla kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza zinikeza amakhasimende ukuthula kwengqondo, okuqinisa ukuthembela kukhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Izicelo of Parallel Twin Screw Imiphongolo
I-Plastiki Extrusion
I-Parallel twin screw barrel idlala indima ebalulekileizinqubo ze-plastic extrusion. Umklamo wabo uthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala, okusheshisa ukucubungula izinto. Isici sokuzihlanza sinciphisa udoti womkhiqizo, sibe nomthelela emizamweni yokusimama. Ukuvumelana nezimo kumapharamitha okusebenza kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi balungise amazinga e-extrusion kanye nemisebenzi yokuxuba kalula.
- Isikhathi sokuhlala esincishisiwekuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.
- Izindlela zokuzihlanza zinciphisa imfucuza, zisekela imisebenzi eco-friendly.
- Amapharamitha wokusebenza alungisekayo akhulisa amazinga e-extrusion nemisebenzi yokuxuba.
- Amakhono okuxuba athuthukisiwe aqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okufanayo kwezinto.
I-ZSK Mc¹⁸ I-Twin Screw Extruder ye-Coperion iyisibonelo salezi zinzuzo. Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kwe-torque kanye nokukhiqizwa okunembayo kuyenza ilungele amapulasitiki obunjiniyela, ilethe imiphumela engaguquki ngenkathi yonga amandla.
Ukucubungula Ukudla
Ama-parallel twin screw barrel abalulekile ezinhlelweni zokucubungula ukudla. Ikhono labo lokutexturize amaprotheni ngempumeleloisuka ekwakhiweni okuyingqayizivele kwezikulufu ezimbili ezijikelezayo zangaphakathi. Lezi zikulufu ziqondanisa futhi zigeleze izinto ngokufana, ziqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki.
- Idizayini ye-extruder isekela ukukhiqizwa okunembayo, okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwebanga lokudla.
- Imisebenzi eyonga amandla inciphisa izindleko ngenkathi igcina ukusebenza okuphezulu.
- Amakhono okuxuba athuthukisiwe avumela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokudla ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amaprotheni aqoshiwe kanye nokudla okulula.
Abakhiqizi bathembele kulezi zinhlelo ukuze bahlangabezane namazinga aqinile okuphepha kokudla kuyilapho bezuza ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Izimboni zeChemical and Pharmaceutical Industries
Izimboni zamakhemikhali nezemithi ziyazuza ekusebenzisaneni kwemiphongolo yesikulufu esingamawele amabili. Lezi zinhlelo zibamba izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokunemba, ziqinisekisa ukuxubana okufanayo nokuhlanganisa. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza kubenza bafanelekele ukukhiqiza amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye nokwakheka kwemithi.
- Ukuxuba okufanayo kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki.
- Amapharamitha alungisekayo afaka izinto ezibonakalayo ezahlukahlukene.
- Izici zokuzihlanza zinciphisa ubungozi bokungcola, okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi.
I-Parallel twin screw barrel ilula izinqubo zokukhiqiza, okwenza abakhiqizi bahlangabezane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ephezulu kuyilapho begcina ukusebenza kahle.
Ungamkhetha Kanjani Umkhiqizi Olungile
Ukukhetha umenzi ofanele wezisetshenziswa ze-extrusion kuyisinqumo esibalulekile esithinta ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngokuhlola izici ezibalulekile ezifana nokusebenza, intengo, ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo, kanye nempendulo yekhasimende, amabhizinisi angenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ezihambisana nemigomo yawo yokusebenza.
Ukuhlola Ukusebenza Nokuthembeka
Ukusebenza nokuthembeka kuyizinsika zanoma iyiphi isistimu ye-extrusion yekhwalithi ephezulu. Abakhiqizi kufanele babonise irekhodi elifakazelwe lokuletha izinto zokusebenza ezihlala isikhathi eside nezisebenza kahle. Amabhizinisi angakuhlola lokhu ngokuhlola izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinto zokusebenza, njengama-alloys angagugi noma ama-coatings amelana nokugqwala. Ukwengeza, ukuhlola okokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zomhlaba wangempela kunikeza imininingwane ekuzinzeni nokusebenza kwayo ngokungaguquguquki.
Ithiphu: Bheka abakhiqizi abanikeza izitifiketi zokusebenza noma imibiko yokuhlola evela eceleni. Le mibhalo iqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwemikhiqizo yabo.
Ukuqhathanisa Intengo Nenani
Nakuba izindleko ziwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile, akufanele zisibekele inani elinikezwa umenzi. Intengo ephansi ingase ibonakale ikhanga ekuqaleni, kodwa ingase ibangele izindleko zokulungisa eziphakeme noma ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kunalokho, amabhizinisi kufanele agxile ezindlekweni eziphelele zobunikazi, ezihlanganisa izici ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, izidingo zokunakekelwa, kanye nempilo yokuphila.
Isici | Incazelo | Ukubaluleka |
---|---|---|
Izindleko Zokuqala | Intengo yangaphambili yemishini | Isiza ekunqumeni ukwenzeka kwesabelomali |
Izindleko Zokulungisa | Izindleko zokugcina nokulungiswa | Kuthinta ukufinyeleleka kwesikhathi eside |
Ukusebenza Kwamandla | Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokusebenza | Yehlisa izindleko zokusebenza |
I-Lifespan Yezisetshenziswa | Ukuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside komkhiqizo | Iqinisekisa inani lesikhathi eside |
Ngokuqhathanisa lezi zici, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukuhlonza abakhiqizi abanikeza ibhalansi engcono kakhulu phakathi kwezindleko nenani.
Ukuhlola Amakhono Okwenza Ngokwezifiso
Ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezimfuneko ezithile zokukhiqiza. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili bahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezihambisanayo, njengemiklamo ehlukile yesikulufu noma amajiyometri akhethekile wemiphongolo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ezithile zokusebenza. Isibonelo, umkhiqizi onguchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni ipayipi le-PVC angase anikeze i-Parallel Twin Screw Barrel eklanyelwe ukuphatha izinhlanganisela ze-PVC kahle.
Lapho kuhlolwa amandla okwenza ngokwezifiso, amabhizinisi kufanele acabangele lokhu okulandelayo:
- Ukutholakala kwemiklamo ehambisanayo yezinto ezithile noma izinqubo.
- Ukuguquguquka ekulungiseni imishini ekhona ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezihlukile.
- Ukusekelwa kokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, obufana ne-automation noma izici ze-IoT.
Abakhiqizi ababeka phambili ukwenza ngokwezifiso bavumela amabhizinisi ukuthi athuthukise izinqubo zawo zokukhiqiza futhi azuze ukusebenza kahle okukhulu.
Ukubaluleka Kokubuyekezwa Kwekhasimende Nobufakazi
Ukubuyekezwa kwekhasimende nobufakazi kunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngesithunzi somkhiqizi kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Lawa ma-akhawunti azibonela mathupha agqamisa amandla nobuthakathaka bemishini, kanye nezinga lokusekelwa kwamakhasimende elinikeziwe. Izibuyekezo ezinhle zivame ukukhombisa ukusebenza okungaguquki, isevisi enokwethenjelwa ngemva kokuthengisa, kanye nokwaneliseka okuphelele kwamakhasimende.
Qaphela: Naka izibuyekezo ezisho ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside nokusekelwa kwangemva kokuthenga. Lezi zici zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuzizwisa okushelelayo kokusebenza.
Ngokungeziwe kuzibuyekezo eziku-inthanethi, amabhizinisi angacela izinkomba kumkhiqizi. Ukukhuluma ngokuqondile namanye amakhasimende kunikeza ithuba lokubuza imibuzo ethile mayelana nolwazi lwawo.
Ngokuhlolisisa lezi zici, amabhizinisi angakhetha ngokuzethemba umkhiqizi oqondana nezidingo zabo zokusebenza kanye nemigomo yesikhathi eside.
Amathrendi asafufusayo embonini ye-Parallel Twin Screw Barrel
Gxila Ekusebenziseni Amandla
Ukusebenza kahle kwamandlasekugxilwe kakhulu embonini ye-parallel twin screw barrel. Abakhiqizi baklama amasistimu asebenzisa amandla amancane ngenkathi egcina ukusebenza okuphezulu. Imiklamo ethuthukisiwe yesikulufu kanye namajiyometri wemiphongolo athuthukisiwe anciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngesikhathi sokucubungula impahla. Lezi zindlela ezintsha azigcini nje ngokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kodwa futhi zifaka isandla ekusimameni kwemvelo.
Amasistimu awonga amandla nawo ahambisana nemizamo yomhlaba wonke yokunciphisa imilobo yekhabhoni. Ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, abakhiqizi bangahlangabezana nemithetho eqinile yezemvelo. Lo mkhuba ugqamisa ukuzibophezela kwemboni ekulinganiseni umkhiqizo nomthwalo wemfanelo wemvelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Automation kanye ne-Smart Technology
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-automation kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile kuguqula imboni ye-extrusion. Izinkampani zamukela ubuchwepheshe be-Industrial 4.0 ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba. Amasistimu ahlakaniphile ahlome ngamakhono e-IoT anika amandla ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela nokulawula amapharamitha abalulekile njengezinga lokushisa nesivinini sesikulufu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula.
Amaphuzu Abalulekile | Incazelo |
---|---|
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Biodegradable Plastics | Kunokugxila okukhulayo emikhubeni yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo okuholela ekwandeni kwamapulasitiki angaboli. |
Ukwamukelwa Kwemboni 4.0 Technologies | Izinkampani zihlanganisa izixazululo zokukhiqiza ezihlakaniphile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle nokukhiqiza. |
Isidingo Sezindlela Zokukhiqiza Eziphumelelayo | I-Automation kanye ne-IoT kushayela isidingo sezindlela zokukhiqiza ezisebenza kahle embonini. |
I-automation iphinde isekele ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo, okuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi babhekane nezinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa futhi kunwebe ubude besikhathi semishini, kuyenze ibe ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwamabhizinisi.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezisimeme
Ukusimama kubumba ikusasa leparallel twin screw imiphongolo. Abakhiqizi baya ngokuya besebenzisa izinto ezilungele imvelo ukukhiqiza imiphongolo nezikulufu. Amapulasitiki abolayo kanye nezinto ezigaywa kabusha seziyaduma, okubonisa ukushintshela kwemboni emikhubeni eluhlaza. Lezi zinto zinciphisa imfucuza futhi zikhuthaze umnotho oyindilinga.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisimeme nakho kuthuthukisa isithunzi somkhiqizo. Izinkampani ezamukela lezi zinqubo zibonisa ukuzibophezela kwazo ekuphathweni kwemvelo, okuhambisana nabathengi abaqaphela imvelo. Lo mkhuba ugcizelela indima yemboni ekukhuthazeni ikusasa elisimeme ngenkathi ihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza.
Imikhiqizo ehamba phambili efana ne-Coperion, Leistritz, ne-KraussMaffei ibusa imboni ye-extrusion ngezisombululo ezintsha. Ukuthuthuka kwabo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namaphothifoliyo emikhiqizo eyahlukene kuthuthukisa izinqubo ze-extrusion emhlabeni jikelele. Amabhizinisi azuza ngokuba khona kwawo kwesifunda, ukusebenza kokuthengisa okuqinile, nezinhlelo ezithembekile. Ukukhetha umkhiqizi owethembekile kuqinisekisa imiphumela emihle yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga i-Parallel Twin Screw Barrel.
FAQ
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-parallel twin screw barrels?
Imiphongolo yesikulufu ehambisanayo ifaka izikulufu ezibheke eceleni zokuxuba umfaniswano. Imiklamo ye-Conical taper yokucindezela okuthuthukisiwe, ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ze-extrusion.
Ngiyigcina kanjani i-parallel twin screw barrel?
Ukuhlanza njalo kuvimbela ukwakheka kwezinto. Gcoba izingxenye ezihambayo futhi uhlole ukuguga. Landela imihlahlandlela yomkhiqizi ukuze uthole ukusebenza okuhle nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Ingabe imiphongolo yesikulufu ehambisanayo ingaphatha izinto eziningi?
Yebo, bacubungula izinto ezahlukahlukene ezifana namapulasitiki, irabha, nezinhlanganisela zokudla. Ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-12-2025